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ТЕКСТ: CULTURAL PRACTICES
There are many ways in which the yield can be affected by management of a crop.
No crop will grow well unless it gets a good start in a suitable seedbed. The seedbed must be either fine or coarse, it must have fine soil at the depth where the seed is to be sown, and it should be moist. Different crops require different seedbed. Sowing a crop must be done properly. The seed is to be drilled in at the right depth, depending on the size of the seed and the season. Generally the smaller the seed the closer it has to be sown to the surface. The time of sowing the crop depends on the length of the growing season and of the variety chosen, as well as on the moisture conditions. The sowing rate must be lower in dry areas with no rain for long periods. In such areas plants compete strongly for soil water, and irrigation should be done to obtain higher yields. The soil being rich in nutrients, the rate of sowing may be increased. This factor is of great importance, for too thick or too thin sowing will lower grain production.
Proper cultivation of a crop is often essential if the highest yield is to be obtained, and the main reason of cultivation is to kill weeds when they are young.
To harvest a crop at a proper time is also one of the conditions greatly affecting the crop production. However, before fixing the time for harvesting we should know, whether the crop is to be used for hay or for silage. Crops to be harvested for silage must be cut when they are bulky and still succulent. Crops used for hay are usually cut before they set seed. As to grain crops, they should not be harvested until the grain is mature, and hot dry weather is usually the best for grain harvests.
Mechanical harvesting helps the farmers to harvest field crops while they are in peak condition, more timely harvest reducing the risk of bad weather causing a loss in quantity and quality. For modern harvesting equipment to be of greater effect, crop varieties better adapted to mechanical harvesting have been developed. They are more uniform in height and ripen more evenly. Also crops with shorter growing season are being developed. Some grain varieties do not shatter easily as they are cut with modern harvesters.
The problem of choosing proper soil management practices is highly essential-as it not only affects the yield, but also maintains high fertility level, prevents soil erosion, and improves soil structure.
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